Azoospermia (No Sperm in Semen)

Azoospermia is the absence of sperm cells in semen analysis. Although it may seem like a barrier to fatherhood, with proper assessment and microsurgical methods sperm can be retrieved in many cases.

Azoospermia is examined in two main groups: the obstructive type, where transport pathways are blocked, and the non-obstructive type, where sperm production is insufficient. The distinction is made with hormone tests, examination and, when needed, genetic studies.

In non-obstructive azoospermia, micro-TESE — searching for sperm in testicular tissue under a microscope — can find sperm in many cases.

Symptoms

• No sperm found in semen analysis
• Often no other symptoms
• Hormonal/genetic findings in some cases

Causes

• Insufficient sperm production (non-obstructive)
• Blockage of transport pathways (obstructive)
• Genetic factors
• Past infections or surgeries
• Hormonal disorders

When Should You Seek Help?

If a semen analysis reports no sperm, repeat analysis and advanced assessment via andrology are required. Early and accurate assessment increases treatment chances.